174 research outputs found

    Modeling of cardiac fibers as oriented liquid crystals

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    In this work we propose a mathematical model that describes the orientation of ventricular cardiac fibers. These fibers are commonly computed as the normalized gradient of certain harmonic potentials, so our work consisted in finding the equations that such a vector field satisfies, considering the unitary norm constraint. The resulting equations belong to the Frank-Oseen theory of nematic liquid crystals, which yield a bulk of mathematical properties to the cardiac fibers, such as the characterization of singularities. The numerical methods available in literature are computationally expensive and not sufficiently robust for the complex geometries obtained from the human heart, so we also propose a preconditioned projected gradient descent scheme that circumvents these difficulties in the tested scenarios. The resulting model further confirms recent experimental observations of liquid crystal behavior of soft tissue, and provides an accurate mathematical description of such behavior

    Efecto local y sistémico del nitrato sobre la actividad de los nódulos de Medicago truncatula durante la fijación de nitrógeno

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    38 p.Las leguminosas son de gran importancia para la rotación de cultivos. Estas plantas son capaces de realizar simbiosis con bacterias del género Rhizobium para formar un órgano en las raíces conocido como nódulo radicular en donde se produce la fijación de nitrógeno atmosférico (N2). Las plantas son las encargadas de regular la fijación del N2, mediante dos procesos: 1) control de la cantidad de nódulos que desarrolla, y; 2) reducción de la actividad de los nódulos, es decir, la cantidad de N2 fijado. Factores ambientales como las deficiencias nutricionales afectan el crecimiento de la planta, provocando un cambio en la concentración de nitrógeno (N) en las hojas, generando una regulación de la actividad de los nódulos. Por otra parte, la adición de una fuente externa de N hace reducir la fijación de N2, reprimiendo la actividad en los nódulos. Varios trabajos indican que la inhibición de la fijación de N2 podría estar mediada por una regulación molecular a nivel del nódulo. Sin embargo, una diferenciación del efecto local y sistémico del nitrato sobre la inhibición de la actividad del nódulo es necesaria para entender su funcionamiento, como también conocer cómo son las reacciones tempranas de la expresión de genes en los nódulos después de la adición de nitrato. Por ejemplo, genes candidatos como nicotianamina sintasa podrían estar involucrados en la regulación de la actividad de los nódulos. La nicotianamina es un precursor de fitosideróforos los cuales poseen una alta afinidad por el hierro (Fe), favoreciendo la movilidad celular de este elemento. Este mineral es esencial para la formación de la enzima nitrogenasa y la proteína leghemoglobina, ambas centrales para el correcto funcionamiento de la fijación de N2. En este estudio se busca caracterizar el efecto temprano de la adición de nitrato sobre la actividad de los nódulos y diferenciar si este efecto es local y/o sistémico. Plantas noduladas crecidas en macetas fueron tratadas con nitrato de potasio (KNO3), en las cuales se evaluó la expresión de genes candidatos en nódulos, raíces y hojas a los siguientes tiempos: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 y 120 minutos desde la aplicación. La expresión de los genes se cuantificó mediante PCR cuantitativa. Para diferenciar el efecto local del sistémico, se realizó un análisis del transcriptoma de los nódulos en plantas crecidas en un sistema de raíz dividida (split-root) y tratadas con nitrato en uno de sus lados. En este experimento se comparó la expresión de genes de los nódulos de la parte tratada con nitrato y los de la parte sin tratar. Los principales resultados indican que la adición de nitrato afecta de manera rápida la actividad de genes involucrados en la fijación de N2. La actividad de los genes que codifican para leghemoglobina, hipoxia y nicotianamina sintasa alteraron su expresión rápidamente tras la adición de nitrato. La expresión aumentó en los nódulos en respuesta a la adición de nitrato, aunque en el caso de hipoxia, el comportamiento de la expresión fue más errática. El aumento de la expresión de un gen que codifica para nitrato reductasa indica que, posiblemente, el nódulo posee una actividad importante de transporte y asimilación de nitrato. El análisis del transcriptoma de nódulos en plantas que fueron tratadas a un solo lado de las raíces/nódulos con nitrato, indica que existe una reprogramación de la expresión de los genes en los nódulos de ambos lados de la planta. Esto sugiere que el nitrato posee un efecto local y sistémico. No sólo se ven afectados los genes involucrados en el transporte y asimilación de nitrato, sino que también, aquellos genes responsables de la generación de energía y senescencia del nódulo

    Nonlinear Neumann boundary stabilization of the wave equation using rotated multipliers

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    The rotated multipliers method is performed in the case of the boundary stabilization by means of a(linear or non-linear) Neumann feedback. this method leads to new geometrical cases concerning the "active" part of the boundary where the feedback is apllied. Due to mixed boundary conditions, these cases generate singularities. Under a simple geometrical conditon concerning the orientation of boundary, we obtain a stabilization result in both cases.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

    A global Carleman estimate in a transmission wave equation and application to a one-measurement inverse problem

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    We consider a transmission wave equation in two embedded domains in R2R^2, where the speed is a1>0a1 > 0 in the inner domain and a2>0a2 > 0 in the outer domain. We prove a global Carleman inequality for this problem under the hypothesis that the inner domain is strictly convex and a1>a2a1 > a2 . As a consequence of this inequality, uniqueness and Lip- schitz stability are obtained for the inverse problem of retrieving a stationary potential for the wave equation with Dirichlet data and discontinuous principal coefficient from a single time-dependent Neumann boundary measurement

    ALMA observations of Elias 2–24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus molecular cloud

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    We present ALMA 1.3 mm continuum observations at 0. 2 (25 au) resolution of Elias 2–24, one of the largest and brightest protoplanetary disks in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud, and we report the presence of three partially resolved concentric gaps located at ∼20, 52, and 87 au from the star. We perform radiative transfer modeling of the disk to constrain its surface density and temperature radial profile and place the disk structure in the context of mechanisms capable of forming narrow gaps such as condensation fronts and dynamical clearing by actively forming planets. In particular, we estimate the disk temperature at the locations of the gaps to be 23, 15, and 12 K (at 20, 52, and 87 au, respectively), very close to the expected snowlines of CO (23–28 K) and N2 (12–15 K). Similarly, by assuming that the widths of the gaps correspond to 4–8× the Hill radii of forming planets (as suggested by numerical simulations), we estimate planet masses in the range of 0.2 1.5 – MJup, 1.0 8.0 – MJup, and 0.02 0.15 – MJup for the inner, middle, and outer gap, respectively. Given the surface density profile of the disk, the amount of “missing mass” at the location of each one of these gaps (between 4 and 20 MJup) is more than sufficient to account for the formation of such planets.Fil: Cieza, Lucas A.. Universidad Diego Portales; ChileFil: Casassus, Simon. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Pérez, Sebastian. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Hales, Antonio. Alma Observatory; ChileFil: Cárcamo, Miguel. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Ansdell, Megan. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Avenhaus, Henning. Universitat Zurich; SuizaFil: Bayo, Amelia. Universidad de Valparaiso; ChileFil: Bertrang, Gesa H.-M.. Universidad Diego Portales; ChileFil: Cánovas, Hector. Agencia Espacial Europea; EspañaFil: Christiaens, Valentin. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Dent, William. Alma Observatory; ChileFil: Ferrero, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Gamen, Roberto Claudio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Olofsson, Johan. Universidad de Valparaiso; ChileFil: Orcajo, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas. Instituto de Astrofísica La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Osses, Axel. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Peña Ramirez, Karla. Universidad de Antofagasta; ChileFil: Principe, David. Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Ruíz Rodríguez, Dary. Rochester Institute Of Technology; Estados UnidosFil: Schreiber, Matthias R.. Universidad de Valparaiso; ChileFil: Plas, Gerrit van der. Univ. Grenoble Alpes; SuizaFil: Williams, Jonathan P.. Institute For Astronomy, University Of Hawaii; Estados UnidosFil: Zurlo, Alice. Universidad Diego Portales; Chil

    Exact Controllability of the Time Discrete Wave Equation: A Multiplier Approach

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    In this paper we summarize our recent results on the exact boundary controllability of a trapezoidal time discrete wave equation in a bounded domain. It is shown that the projection of the solution in an appropriate space in which the high frequencies have been filtered is exactly controllable with uniformly bounded controls (with respect to the time-step). By classical duality arguments, the problem is reduced to a boundary observability inequality for a time-discrete wave equation. Using multiplier techniques the uniform observability property is proved in a class of filtered initial data. The optimality of the filtering parameter is also analyzed

    Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activation regulates cocaine actions and dopamine homeostasis in the lateral septum by decreasing arachidonic acid levels

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    Agonism of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) has been effective at treating aspects of addictive behavior for a number of abused substances, including cocaine. However, the molecular mechanisms and brain circuits underlying the therapeutic effects of GLP-1R signaling on cocaine actions remain elusive. Recent evidence has revealed that endogenous signaling at the GLP-1R within the forebrain lateral septum (LS) acts to reduce cocaine-induced locomotion and cocaine conditioned place preference, both considered dopamine (DA)-associated behaviors. DA terminals project from the ventral tegmental area to the LS and express the DA transporter (DAT). Cocaine acts by altering DA bioavailability by targeting the DAT. Therefore, GLP-1R signaling might exert effects on DAT to account for its regulation of cocaine-induced behaviors. We show that the GLP-1R is highly expressed within the LS. GLP-1, in LS slices, significantly enhances DAT surface expression and DAT function. Exenatide (Ex-4), a long-lasting synthetic analog of GLP-1 abolished cocaine-induced elevation of DA. Interestingly, acute administration of Ex-4 reduces septal expression of the retrograde messenger 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), as well as a product of its presynaptic degradation, arachidonic acid (AA). Notably, AA reduces septal DAT function pointing to AA as a novel regulator of central DA homeostasis. We further show that AA oxidation product γ-ketoaldehyde (γ-KA) forms adducts with the DAT and reduces DAT plasma membrane expression and function. These results support a mechanism in which postsynaptic septal GLP-1R activation regulates 2-AG levels to alter presynaptic DA homeostasis and cocaine actions through AA

    A novel virulence strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa mediated by an autotransporter with arginine-specific aminopeptidase activity

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    The opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a major cause of infections in chronic wounds, burns and the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. The P. aeruginosa genome encodes at least three proteins exhibiting the characteristic three domain structure of autotransporters, but much remains to be understood about the functions of these three proteins and their role in pathogenicity. Autotransporters are the largest family of secreted proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, and those characterised are virulence factors. Here, we demonstrate that the PA0328 autotransporter is a cell-surface tethered, arginine-specific aminopeptidase, and have defined its active site by site directed mutagenesis. Hence, we have assigned PA0328 with the name AaaA, for arginine-specific autotransporter of P. aeruginosa. We show that AaaA provides a fitness advantage in environments where the sole source of nitrogen is peptides with an aminoterminal arginine, and that this could be important for establishing an infection, as the lack of AaaA led to attenuation in a mouse chronic wound infection which correlated with lower levels of the cytokines TNFα, IL-1α, KC and COX-2. Consequently AaaA is an important virulence factor playing a significant role in the successful establishment of P. aeruginosa infections
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